Abstract

Buddy is a 3 ^ year old Lop. On the 30/11/2019, Buddy got out of his cage and was attacked by a fox overnight. Buddy's owner took him to our veterinary hospital where he was diagnosed with a fracture of his right hind. Two treatment options were given: wet to dry dressings and surgery which may be able to save the limb or amputation of the limb. If the owner declined treatment it was recommended that Buddy was euthanised. Buddy was hospitalised for monitoring whilst the owner made a decision.

The next day Buddy's owner called and elected for amputation. Surgery took place on 2/12. Buddy was very lively after surgery   and was discharged 2 days later Buddy was seen at my branch for post op checks. We noticed at the second post op check that the amputation site had broken down and necrosed. Quality of life talk approached at this point. Wet to dry dressings were recommended but the client had cost constraints. Buddy was seen back with us on 12/12/2019 – amputation site infected. Our veterinary surgeon recommended for Buddy to be seen every 3-4 days for us to clean his wound starting on 17/12. On 20/12/2019, 2nd clean wound, I contacted Bandaging Angels and Matthew Rendle for advice. Cleaned wound with iodine/saline + manuka honey I handed over manuka honey for the owner to continue treatment at home. Throughout treatment, Buddy was eating, drinking, urinating and defecating normally Buddy was on pain relief as well as wearing a pet medic t shirt to prevent patient interference.

10 days after first clean wound: right limb was infected. Left limb had swelling/abscess (likely due to bacterial resistance). Appointment booked for quality of life check 4 days later: Euthanasia was recommended on 31/12. Owner wanted to talk to his family first. I called the owner on 7/01/2020 for an update. Buddy's amputation site fully healed, and he is very bright at home. Booked recheck appointment for 2 days later. Amputation site had completely healed! The process from fox attack – wound healing =2 months.

Upon reflection, I feel that we did everything we could for Buddy As nurses, we want to treat everything and do everything in our power to ensure we exhaust all areas whilst considering the patient's welfare throughout treatment.

However I feel that seeing Buddy every 3-4 days was potentially causing Buddy extra stress and complications with his amputation site. When Buddy was in the comfort of his home for the week of 31/12-7/01 his amputation site had fully healed. Was the stress of visiting the vets every few days having an impact on treatment for Buddy?

I carried out evidence-based nursing on this topic and found a publication which explores complications of hind limb amputations. Although Buddy's case was successful, there are many that develop complications or sadly pass away soon after surgery

Abstract

Objective: To observe the effect of anaesthesia on tear production in cats and to determine the prevalence of corneal surface disease post-operatively.

Study design: This study was designed initially to be a prospective observational study. However; after data collection, statistical analysis could not be performed. As the results were unexpected, the authors decided the data should still be presented without statistical analysis in the form of a descriptive study.

Methods: The population was comprised of cats coming to the first opinion small animal practice for a routine procedure under general anaesthesia or heavy sedation. Recruitment took place over six weeks on Wednesdays and Thursdays. Cats were randomly selected, and seven cats were recruited into the study. The cats were expected to be clinically sound but were excluded from statistical analysis if any ophthalmic abnormalities were detected on the clinical exam or in the history. An experienced advanced practitioner in veterinary ophthalmology performed the ophthalmic examinations to determine any ophthalmic abnormalities.

The cats were anaesthetised with a standardised drug protocol for each procedure with drugs including: medetomidine, methadone, buprenorphine, lidocaine, ketamine, isoflurane, propofol, meloxicam and atipamezole. Schirmer tear test (STT) measurements were performed at baseline (T0), 15 minutes after anaesthetic drug administration (T,), one hour after the drugs were administered, if the animal was still anaesthetised (T2), once the animal was awake in recovery (T3), four hours after the procedure (T4) and 24-48 hours post-operatively (T5).At T4 and T5 ophthalmic examinations were performed to look for signs of corneal surface disease. Lubrication was standardised during the anaesthetic and applied every hour: If corneal surface disease was diagnosed post-operatively, patients were discharged with lubrication.

Results

Abnormal baseline examinations lead to 6/7 cats being exclusion from statistical analysis. Abnormalities in the baseline examination included: hyperaemia (n = 3), ocular discharge (n = 1), corneal surface disease (n = 4) and abnormalities of the lens (n = 2) and fundus (n = 2). STT values were clinically low in 4/7 cats at T0. After the baseline examination one cat was excluded from the study due to unamenable behaviour: STT values were 0 mm/min at T, in 5/6 cats. At the four-hour examination 6/6 cats had evidence of corneal surface disease, with ulcers found in 2/6 cats. At T4 4/6 cats had clinically low STT results and 5/6 cats showed STT values that had not reached or exceeded the value at baseline. At 48-hours, the ulcers had healed in the two cats observed at 48-hours; no other cats could be observed at this time.

Conclusion

The study could not show any statistical analysis due to the low sample size. However, the number of cats with ophthalmic abnormalities at baseline gives rise to interesting findings. Screening studies could demonstrate what is normal in clinically sound cats and could further support the findings. Results also suggest the importance of ophthalmic examinations in practice pre- and post-anaesthesia to look for vulnerable patients. Future research into this area could encourage a change in practice if this study was repeated and statistical analysis was utilised.

Abstract

Wound infections are common within veterinary medicine and it is vital clinical members know the treatment options available. Manuka Honey is increasingly used for the management of wounds both in human and animal medicine. This is an especially useful alternative to antibiotics to combat the ‘real and urgent threat' (BVA, 2019) of antimicrobial resistance due to its own antimicrobial properties. This study aimed
to investigate the efficacy of two brands of Active Manuka Honey against Staphylococcus albus (a common commensal, yet opportunistic, pathogen found naturally on the skin).

The two brands of active Manuka Honey were cultured each with and without S.albus in the laboratory (in vitro) to determine their effectiveness against the bacteria and in comparison to each other: Each sample was cultured for 20 °C for approximately one week, with one set of replicates undertaken. Spectrophotometry tests were firstly performed to measure the optical density of the products to test whether there was growth. Serial dilutions and plating were then carried out to give countable numbers of bacteria for analysis. The data was analysed using Student's T-test and One-way ANOVA tests.

Both brands inhibited S.albus growth compared to the control group (both pairwise, brand versus control comparisons p < 0.001). However; AMHVet Honey, by Aniwell, was more efficacious at inhibiting bacteria under in vitro conditions, as it inhibited bacteria at significantly (p= <0.001) lower dilutions than KRUUSE Manuka Honey. (Serial dilutions, 10-1 to 10-6, of both honeys were plated. Confluent growth was seen across dilutions 10-1 to 10-3 for both, whereas countable numbers were first seen from dilution 10-4 for AMHVet Honey and 10-5 for KRUUSE Manuka Honey By dilution 10-6 the AMHVet had managed to inhibit the S.albus completely whereas the KRUUSE, whilst numbers were low, still had visible colonies.

From this study it is clear Manuka Honey is effective as reducing certain bacterial numbers and so is effective for use in wound care. Continued research is needed into Manuka Honey's effects on other bacterial strains to find out which ones it affects, facilitating the choice of product according to the bacteria present in the wound. It may be beneficial to test the ‘Active' properties of other honey plant species to quantify whether there are any further species available for use.

Emma received first prize for her poster

Abstract

Canine handling intolerances can make handling dogs within a veterinary practice environment more problematic and pose a risk for veterinary staff and owner health and safety (Dhillon et al., 2019). This study aimed to explore communication between UK dog owners and veterinary professionals, in particular, owner-reported canine handling intolerances (CHIs), owner willingness to disclose this information and risk-factors for non-disclosure, and who owners felt was responsible for identifying CHIs during consultations.

Methods

A prospective cross-sectional study with convenience sampling method was used, with the online survey distributed, via social media to UK dog-owners. A combination of Likert-type scales and multiple-choice questions were used to analyse CHI and responsibility of communication of CHIs to veterinary staff. Perception of risk during common veterinary handling was measured using a composite Likert scale. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS™. Data was analysed using univariate statistics such as median difference testing. Categorical data was analysed using chi-square analysis. Scale reliabilities were determined using Cronbach's alpha.

Results

Useable responses were received from 471 participants. Most respondents were female, aged between 35-50 years, and currently owned one dog. Most respondents' canines were neutered (80.9%) and/or family pets (97.7%). Most respondents (60.7%) stated their canine had at least one form of CHI. Where CHIs were reported, the most common area for intolerances was the gums/teeth (n = 99, 21%) followed closely by front paws (n = 98, 21%). Most owners (78.1%) would make veterinary staff aware of CHIs prior to handling. There was no significant association between Kennel Club Breed Classification and likelihood of owners telling veterinary staff of any handling intolerances. Most owners (90.5%) believed it was owners' responsibility to warn veterinary professionals of handling intolerances in their canine. When asked who respondents would approach for behavioural advice regarding CHIs, 74.9% and 68% of owners would approach a Veterinarian orVeterinary Nurse respectively

Conclusion

Most respondents were very willing to disclose their dog's handling intolerances, felt it was primarily their responsibility to ensure the veterinary professional had prior knowledge and understood the risk of not making veterinary staff aware of CHIs in their canine. These results could be essential to safety of veterinary staff during handling by prompting veterinary professionals to enquire about any present CHIs prior to examination. Furthermore, knowing where a patient will not tolerate handling can allow for adjustments in handling techniques, leading to calmer/more relaxed patients and increase animal welfare. Finally, it is important that veterinary professionals are knowledgeable about prevention of CHI and ensure that they are able to proactively direct owners with dogs with CHI to appropriate sources of behavioural support as required.

Please note: this study was first published in ‘The Veterinary Nurse' (March 2020, volume 11(2), 96-102)

References

Campbell, E.J., Buckley L.A., & Connor, M. (2020). A prospective cross-sectional survey of UK-based dog owners to explore canine handling intolerances and owner willingness to disclose these to veterinary professionals. The Veterinary Nurse, 11 (2), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2020.1h2.96

Dhillon, J., Hoopes, J., & Epp, T (2019). Scoping decades of dog evidence: a scoping review of dog bite-related sequelae. Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique, 110(3), 364-375.

Abstract

Debriefing is widely used within human medical education to facilitate discussions following a real-life event or simulation (Scalese and Issenberg, 2005, Hall and Tori, 2017 and Pollock, 2019). However; the process of debriefing has not been widely used in veterinary education (Scalese and Issenberg, 2005). The purpose of this research was to establish an effective debriefing framework for future simulation-based training.

Method

Thirty-five Veterinary Medicine students from the University of Cambridge worked through a ten-minute, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) simulation in groups of five. The overall group performance was observed by suitably qualified veterinary professionals and the non-technical and technical skills were scored using a predetermined system. After the simulation, a debriefing discussion took place. Subsequently each member of the groups completed an electronically based questionnaire. The simulation, debriefing and questionnaire were then repeated.

The group score data was analysed using a mixed effects model, incorporating Sidak's multiple comparisons test, via GraphPad Prism 8 scientific statistical software (GraphPad Software Incorporated, USA). The debriefing questionnaire responses were reviewed using thematic analysis.

Results

Both the overall non-technical and technical skill mean scores improved post d
ebrief (an increase of 0.93 and l.l, respectively).

The non-technical and technical scores improved after the debriefing process, with regards to the overall performance of the groups (P = <0.0001) and between groups (P = <0.0001).

For the non-technical skills, six groups showed a significant increase in performance post debrief (P = 0.0048, <0.0001, 0.0085, <0.0001, <0.0001, <0.0001). Out of the seven groups, only one group did not show a significant increase in their non-technical skills post debrief (P = 0.99). For the technical skills all seven groups showed a significant increase in their performance post debrief (P = <0.0001, <0.0001, <0.0001, <0.0001, 0.0017, 0.031, <0.0001).

The debriefing questionnaire responses showed a movement from a negative to a positive outlook following the debriefing process and a repeat of the simulation (themes of disorganisation, feeling overwhelmed and underprepared became themes of feeling organised and prepared).

The main theme emerging from the group discussion identified an ‘inability to recognise mistakes and rectify them in a timely manner'. Following a repeat of the simulation, clear communication within the team became the main theme and this was also identified as the main quality from the question, ‘what went well?'.

The main themes determined from ‘what did not go well' and ‘how to achieve a better approach the next time' was an ‘inability to recognise mistakes and rectify them within a timely manner' and ‘to improve the decision-making process'.

Conclusion

Debriefing did significantly improve the overall mean score for both non-technical and technical skill performance post debrief. A 1-fold increase for both mean scores indicates a significant improvement.

The debriefing process enabled each student to integrate their experience and combine it with that of their peers, to enhance their learning and improve the group performance.

The debriefing process substantially shifted a negative viewpoint to a more positive outlook on performance.

Veterinary students would benefit from further training in rectifying mistakes, team roles in CPR and decision making.

A CPR simulation-based training stream will now be developed throughout the veterinary curriculum.

References available on request.

Abstract

A blood pressure (BP) device remains the only accurate way to diagnose hypotension; a dangerous side effect of anaesthesia (Livingstone, 2016). Literature claims BP devices are underutilised (Livingstone, 2016) with no evidence suggesting it is applied in every patient (Richardson and McMillan, 2019). Multiple pressures affect decision making within veterinary anaesthesia (Carter and Story, 2013) and author experience found limited knowledge caused device underutilisation, a concern if monitoring veterinary nurse's (VN) remain unaware of the consequences. The aims and objectives of this study were to understand factors affecting BP device use, hypotension knowledge, and evaluate suggestions to improve future practice.

Materials and Methods

An online survey was distributed for one month via veterinary nurse social media sites with targets of attaining 374 registered veterinary nurses (RVN) and 362 student veterinary nurses (SVN) via self-selection sampling. Multiple choice, ranking and open-ended questions determined respondent type; whether they worked in an emergency or first opinion practice, opinion regarding BP device availability, frequency of application and influences of use within practice. Questions also gained an understanding of hypotension awareness and knowledge in correct device use. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Random permutation, Fisher's exact and Pearsons correlation. Six semi-structured interviews were completed with purposefully sampled, diversely experienced VNs, with recordings transcribed and repeatedly coded into themes in Nvivo for analysis.

Results

119 RVN and 48 SVN responses were included; questions were non-compulsory therefore analysis was based on responses for individual questions. One hundred and sixty-one respondents had at least one BP device; 82.0% using them for anaesthetic monitoring, of those only 48.5% applying in every anaesthetic, despite hypotensive consequences appearing widely understood. Only 13.1% recognised peripheral pulse palpation an insufficient hypotensive indicator; and interviewees suggested non-utilisation of available devices was common in their experience. Significantly more emergency-type respondents (42.7%) reported hypotension as common (P = 0.008) in comparison to first opinion (17.2%). Likely due to expected higher standards of patient care as indicated by emergency-type interviewees, and adequate device availability in comparison to first opinion (P < 0.001). Regular device use was associated with confidence (P = 0.005) and confidence in device interpretation related to training (P < 0.001). Significantly more using devices in every anaesthetic accurately defined hypotension (P = 0.033) and had correct knowledge in device application (P = 0.011), those without enough devices for anaesthetic load (n = 70) were removed from analysis. Respondents and interviewees similarly indicated factors affecting BP device utilisation; confidence, training, varied monitoring standards, multitasking and time pressures. Interviewees expressed improvement was subject to recognition of patient suffering, initiative, and designated anaesthesia leaders.

Conclusion

BP monitoring is not universal for every patient. Results demonstrate training is essential as many VNs appeared under the misconception palpating peripheral pulses provides adequate BP monitoring, also, those more knowledgeable monitored in every anaesthetic. Intense practice pressures appear to reduce BP monitoring. Anaesthesia clinical audits highlighting complications, encouraging protocol improvements, with VN initiative improving relevant learning, can be recommended for improved patient wellbeing.

References

Carter, J., & Story, D. A. (2013). Veterinary and human anaesthesia: an overview of some parallels and contrasts. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 4/(6), 710-718.

Khan, K. S., Hayes, I. a., & Buggy D. J. (2014). Pharmacology of anaesthetic agents I: intravenous anaesthetic agents. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Cane & Pain, 14(3), 100-105. Livingstone, Z. (2016). Canine hypotension during general anaesthesia. Veterinary Nursing Journal, 31 (3), 80-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/l7415349.2015.1129922

RCVS (Royal College ofVeterinary Surgeons) (20l7b). RCVS Facts; facts and figures from the royal college of veterinary surgeons. [Online]. RCVS. Available from: file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/ rcvs-facts-2017-final.pdf [Accessed 03 November 2019].

Richardson, E.M. and McMillan, M. 2019. Survey on conduct of anaesthetic monitoring in small animal practice in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, 06 March, pp.l —12.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P, &Thornhill, A. (20 12a). Selecting samples. In: Saunders, M., Lewis. P andThornhill, A. ed. Research Methods for Business Students. 6th ed. Pearson Education Limited. pp. 472—541.

Abstract

Advances in veterinary nursing can stem from human nursing, however, advances in veterinary care are often behind that of human nursing (Yagi, 2019). Therefore, the veterinary field can look at the advances made in the human field to determine ways in which the profession can improve and maintain progression. One example is the district veterinary nurse (DVN) role, which supports the client and cares for the pet in their own home. This role is similar to the district nursing role seen in the human field, but is not established or regulated in the veterinary field. Currently, there is no literature regarding the introduction of the DVN role. This project will assist in filling the knowledge gap by aiming to determine the viewpoints of registered veterinary nurses (RVNs) regarding the DVN role.

Method

RVNs in England were requested to take part in this analytical-observational research project via the completion of an online cross-sectional survey, emailed daily to 50 randomly selected RCVS accredited practices as well as posted to veterinary related Facebook groups. Data obtained was imported into IBM SPSS (Statistical package for the Social Science) (version 26). Nominal categorical data was summarised using the number (n) and percentage (%) of observations. Cross-tabulations summarised relationships between categorical variables. The Chi Squared statistical test tested for associations between: ‘reason for using a DVN' and ‘location' of the practice; ‘type of practice' and both the ‘demand for the service' and ‘services offered'; ‘interest' in becoming a DVN and ‘years qualified' with significance as P < 0.005.

Results

Overall, 321(83.6%) RVNs felt that there is a demand for DVNs. The study determined no statistical association between the ‘region of practice' and the ‘most important reason' for using a DVN (P = 0.826), ‘type of practice' and ‘service offered' (P = 0.936), ‘number of years qualified' and ‘interest' in DVN (P = 0.135). There is a statistically significant association between the ‘type of practice' and the ‘demand' for DVN (P < 0.001) with more first opinion practice RVNs agreeing that there is a demand for DVNs than hospital based RVNs. 261(64.9%) RVNs had previously heard of DVN and 172(42.8%) RVNs felt ‘long term illness/disability/infirmity' was the most important reason why a client would use a DVN. The main concern for RVNs, 115 (25.3%), was ‘safety'.

Conclusion

In regards to obtaining the views of RVNs, it was established that RVNs are aware of the DVN role and they view ‘long term illness/disability/ infirmity' of the owner as the most important reason a client would likely use a DVN. It was also established that RVNs felt that clients would mainly use the DVN service for ‘nail clips, medication administration and flea and worming treatment', whilst the RVNs surveyed viewed ‘safety' as their main cause of concern. In the view of the RVNs that took part, there is a suspected demand for the use of DVNs due to elderly clients. These findings give a foundation of understanding of what RVNs think is likely to occur with the DVN role, which can be used to explore the introduction of the role in greater detail.

References

Yagi, K. (2019). 'A Global Perspective on Veterinary Nursing1 Today's veterinary nurse [e-journal] Accessed: 25/04/2020 Available at: https://todaysveterinarynurse.com/articles/a- global-perspective-on-veterinary-nursing/C

Abstract

Veterinary nurses often measure systolic blood pressure (SBP) indirectly in cats by the Doppler method. For this, both a suitably-sized cuff and the most appropriate location must be selected for the size and temperament of the cat. For example, the tail location is often chosen, as it is easier to access when the owner is required to restrain the cat. However; limited information exists as to the influence that such choices have on the measurements obtained. The aim of the study was to evaluate variables associated with differences in SBP readings taken from cats during a veterinary nurse consultation.

Method

Indirect SBP measurements were taken from 110 cats attending the Royal Canin Healthy Ageing Clinic, University of Liverpool, UK. All measurements were taken by the same registered veterinary nurse (KE), assisted by either the owner or a veterinary care assistant, using the Doppler method (Thames medical Cat + Doppler). Measurements were taken with the cuff placed on either the right forelimb (RF), left forelimb (LF) or tail base, and the cuffs used were size-2 (Critikon neonatal cuff), size-2.5 (Hokanson penile cuff) or size-3 (Critikon neonatal cuff). When the tail was chosen as the site, this was due to the cat's unfavourable temperament, or the inability of the owner to restrain the cat for a forelimb reading. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine variables associated with SBP measurements, including interactions where appropriate. Given that only 2 of the readings were taken with the size 2 cuff, these were combined with those taken with cuff size-2.5 for the purpose of statistical analysis.

Results

Systolic blood pressure was measured in a total of 110 cats. 57 cats were male, 53 female with ages ranging between 7 years and 10 years. There were 15 pedigree cats, 86 domestic shorthairs and 9 domestic longhairs. The cats weight ranged from 3.06 kg to 7.17 kg with a BCS of between 3/9 and 9/9. The size-2 to2.5 cuff was used for 66 cats, and the size-3 used for 44 cats. Twenty two cats had a reading taken on the LF, 78 on the RF, and 10 on the tail. Mean (standard deviation) SBP was 127 mmHg (11.2) when size-2 or size-2.5 cuffs were used and 120 mmHg (14.9) when a size-3 cuff was used. Mean (standard deviation) was 121 mmHg (12.1), 124 mmHg (13.3), and 133 mmHg (12.8 when SBP was measured with the cuff place on the LF, RF and tail, respectively. The main factor associated with SBP measurement in the final model was cuff location (P = 0.030), whereby SBP measurements were greater when the tail was used, compared with both LF and RF (both P = 0.034). In addition to this main effect, interactions between cuff size and location were also identified (P = 0.004). In this respect, measurements taken with a size-3 cuff were greater when the cuff was placed on the tail than when placed on the RF (P = 0.003), whilst measurements taken with the cuff placed on the RF were greater when either a size-2 or size-2.5 cuff were used, compared with use of a size-3 cuff (P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Veterinary nurses should be aware of possible associations between both cuff size and cuff location and SBP measurements taken in adult pet cats. Given that few tail readings were performed, and that tail readings could have been affected by the temperament of the cats, further studies are required to determine the clinical significance of such findings.

Abstract

Epilepsy is the most common neurological condition in dogs (Kearsley-Fleet et al., 2013). Studies show clinics have positive effects on owners (Wiggins, 2016). Although these studies are not specific to idiopathic epilepsy (IE), research within the human sector shows nurse clinics for humans with IE also helps the carers (EpilepsyAction, 2010). The aim was to discover what support is available for owners with dogs with IE from both the veterinary professional and owner perspectives and establish, using questionnaires, if this provision is perceived as sufficient.

Methods

Two questionnaires were prepared, one for professionals working in VPs and one for owners of dogs with IE. Both were active for 4 weeks on Facebook, allowing for self-selection sampling which is a non-probability sampling technique. The VP questionnaire was also emailed to 56, randomly selected practices. The questionnaires were designed with a range of open and closed questions to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. Chi-Squared analysis was used using Genstat to statistically analyse the results and ascertain if there were any significant associations. A significance level of P < 0.05 was used. For comparisons showing statistical significance and which were more than a 2×2 comparison residual values were used to identify where the significance lay.

Results

The questionnaires had 109 responses for owners and 48 responses forVPs. Of the 109 owner responses, 47.7% agreed that VPs provide sufficient support, whereas 52.3% disagreed or were unsure that they received enough support. Of the 48 VP responses, 66.7% felt their practices offered sufficient support to owners. Whereas 33.3% disagreed or were unsure they offered sufficient support. Owners who felt clinics would be helpful (82.4%), were significantly more likely to want clinics more often per year than those who were unsure of their benefit (P = 0.002). VPs were more likely to agree that they provided enough support compared to owners (66.7% and   47.7% respectively), who were significantly more likely to disagree that their practice provided enough support (P = 0.025).

There were also several trends in the descriptive data although statistical significance was not shown. Owners were more likely to want clinics more regularly if their dog's IE was uncontrolled; of the 33 owners who stated their dogs IE was uncontrolled, 39.4% wanted a clinic at least four times a year, compared to 15% of the 51 owners that stated their dog's IE was controlled. Additional support recommended by owners and VPs included written information by 32.1% of respondents from both questionnaires and group meetings by VPs (11.3%) and owners (7.2%).

Conclusions

VPs felt they provide enough support to owners however, the owners felt that they did not receive enough support. The use of clinics was supported by both owners and VPs as a way of improving support, alongside additional support.

Limitations include a small sample size for both owners and VP and the possibility of multiple responses per VP due to the release of the VP questionnaire online. Nevertheless, the results highlight an area that warrants further attention.

References

EpilepsyAction (2010). Best Care: The value of epilepsy specialist nurses. [Online] Available from: https://www.epilepsy.org.uk/sites/epilepsy/files/images/campaigns/care-the-value-of-epilepsy-specialist-nurses.pdf

Kearsley-Fleet, L., O'Neill, D. G., Volk, H. A., Church, D. B., & Brodbelt, D C. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors for canine epilepsy of unknown origin in the UK. Veterinary Record, 172(13), 338-290.

Abstract

Relocation of dogs across regions is a common occurrence globally [1]. Adopting an overseas dog is an increasingly popular choice in the UK [2], with 19,487 dogs imported from Romania alone in 2019 under the EU Balai Directive, as against 3616 in 20I4[3]. More research on their origins is required to guide advice regarding the welfare of imported dogs [4]. This study sought to understand the Romanian rescue dog (RRD) adoption process and focused on the location of the dog at different adoption stages, demographics of rescuers, and adoption decision-making speed. It was part of a wider survey of UK adopters of RRDs that sought to identify risk-factors for adopter dissatisfaction with their dog and with the rescue process.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey targeting UK residents that had adopted an RRD between January 2014 and March 2019 was distributed on social media during June-July 2019. Questions included the dog's origin and transportation during the decision-making and adoption process, and rescuer demographics. Preliminary univariable analysis and descriptive statistics are reported here.

Results

Of 1727 respondents, 32% (n = 552) adopted RRDs that were in UK-based rescue kennels (9.8%, n = 169) or foster homes (22.2%, n = 383), 55.2% (n = 954) in Romania-based kennels (46.4%, n = 801) or foster homes (8.8%, n = 153) and 4.9% (n = 85) free-living at the point of deciding to adopt the dog.There was no significant effect (x2 I = 0.2888, p = 0.59) of whether the dog was at a UK (n = 552) or Romanian (n = 954) based kennel/foster-home at this point on subsequent adopter satisfaction with the dog.

The decision to adopt was often made within one week (66.2%, n = 1143) of becoming aware of the existence of the dog. Adopters making a rapid decision to adopt (up to I week) were slightly (x2 I = 4.3054, p = 0.04; Cramer's V = 0.05) more likely to report being extremely satisfied with the dog (n = 974, 84.9%) than adopters that took longer (>I week) to decide (n = 475, 82.1%).

Rescue organisations or charities (83.4%, n = 1440) were usually the main point of contact during adoption finalisation, of which 80.3% (n = II52) were UK-based. The adoptions were finalised through individual rescuers in 14.5% (n = 250) of cases, of which 54.8% (n = 137) were based in the UK. A veterinary professional was the main point of contact in 0.4% (n = 7) of cases.

At the point of physically receiving the dog, adopters collected from a UK rescue/foster 41.3% (n = 713) of the time. Popular alternatives were commercial transport companies either delivering to the adopter (23.7%, n = 410) or being met at a public meeting point (>22.2%, n = 384).

Conclusion

Although the decision to adopt often occurs while the dog is based in Romania, most adoptions are handled by UK-based rescues/ charities. This facilitates greater opportunity for collaboration between veterinary professionals and rescue organisations to optimise the adoption process as part of wider welfare measures. Whilst rapid decision-making and adopting unseen was associated with high satisfaction, further research is needed to quantify potential underlying human behaviour factors that may predict satisfaction under these circumstances.

References

Anderson, M. E., Stull, J. W, & Weese, J. S. (2019). Impact of dog transport on high-risk infectious diseases. The Veterinary Clinics of North A
merica. Small Animal Practice, 49(4), 6I5-627. https:// doi.org/I0.I0I6/j.cvsm.20I9.02.004

Norman, C., Stavisky J., & Westgarth, C. (2020). Importing rescue dogs into the UK: reasons, methods and welfare considerations. The Veterinary Record, 186(8), 248. http://dx.doi.org/I0.II36/ vrI05380

Animal and Plant Health Agency. Figures for dogs imported from Romania and other European countries. https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/figures_for_dogs_imported_from_r?nocache=incoming-I529088#incoming-I529088

Buckley, L. A. (2020). Imported rescue dogs: lack of research impedes evidence-based advice to ensure the welfare of individual dogs. The Veterinary Record, 186(8), 245-247. http://dx.doi. org/I0.II36/vr.m653

Background

Pets living in the United Kingdom (UK) have traditionally been protected from potentially fatal infectious diseases which were previously endemic in the UK through routine vaccination. Rates of vaccinations have been declining, with ‘Vaccine hesitancy' named one of the top ten health threats for 2019 by the World Health Organisation. This project aimed to explore UK pet owner perceptions and understanding of current vaccination protocols.

Methods

An on-line survey was shared via social media platforms. The survey targeted owners of cats, dogs and rabbits and asked participants to share their vaccination practices for their own pets, what influenced their vaccination practices, and demographical information such as age and whether they worked in a health care profession. Additionally, respondents were asked to select the diseases which can be prevented through vaccination by species, from a list of common disorders affecting cats, dogs and rabbits. Results were analysed using SPSS V25, using Mann Whitney U test to compare scores for knowledge of common companion animal vaccines between healthcare professionals and nonhealth care professionals, Spearman Rank Correlation to explore the relationship between respondent age and knowledge of common companion animal vaccines and Chi Squared test to compare vaccination rates between species. A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Free text responses were reviewed to identify key themes.

Results

The survey received 294 responses: 181 dog, 98 cat and 15 rabbit owners. There were 96 respondents who reported working in the healthcare profession. Only nine dog owners and two cat owners correctly identified all diseases with a vaccine available, whilst 13 of the rabbit owners correctly identified myxomatosis and RHD. Healthcare professionals scored significantly higher on vaccination knowledge (Z = -6.5, p<0.00l), and there was a weak negative correlation between respondent age and vaccine knowledge score (Rs =-0.19, p=0.0l7). Overall, 233 (79.3%) reported vaccinating their pet, with no significance difference between the three species (X(6) = 7.93, p=0.2463). Free text responses to the question “why don't you vaccinate your pet” revealed three key themes: cost, the opinion that vaccines are unnecessary and preferring to titre test.

Conclusions

The results of this survey suggest that owner education could be an important factor driving vaccine hesitancy Older owners were less likely to correctly identify the diseases with vaccinations available, whilst around 10% of owners believed there were vaccinations available for worms.The most common reason for not vaccinating was cost, a serious concern in the face of uncertain financial times following the COVIDI9 pandemic. According to the annual PAW report, the overall percentage of pets that received primary vaccinations in 2019 dropped from 84% in 2016, to 66% in 2019 – an 18% decrease in three years. If the rising level of vaccine hesitancy continues, this could result in increasing numbers of animals suffering from potentially fatal, and sometimes zoonotic preventable diseases. The results of this survey suggest that improving owner awareness of the diseases for which vaccines are and are not available should be a priority for veterinary professionals.

Abstract

Capnography is a useful tool for monitoring ventilation in small animal practice. However, little is known about how effectively Registered Veterinary Nurses (RVNs) are using this monitoring aid. This study aimed to identify how capnography is used in practice, the confidence of RVNs when using capnography and to explore factors associated with confidence in its use.

Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was taken. An online survey was distributed to RVNs that trained in the United Kingdom (UK) through social media platforms and other veterinary nurse user groups. Participants were asked about their qualifications, type of practice, self-directed study methods, training route, cases when capnography was used and years qualified.They were also asked if they used a capnograph regularly and to rate their confidence from a scale of 1-3 (1 being not confident and 3 being very confident). Capnograph knowledge was tested using 7 multiple-choice questions. Participants had to answer two questions on how capnography works and were prompted to identify the underlying cause of 5 abnormal capnograms. The level of self-assessed confidence and the number of correct answers were assessed for their association with participant characteristics. Kruskal Wallis and Chi-Squared tests were used to test these associations. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

A total of 272 responses were received. Forty-three nurses (16%) stated that they were not confident in using capnography 129 (47%) were somewhat confident and 100 (37%) rated themselves as very confident. Two-hundred and thirty-four (86%) RVNs used the capnograph regularly in practice. Seventy-one RVNs were employed in a hospital, 74 worked in referral, 107 worked in first opinion practices and 20 worked in ‘other' environments which included charity and university practices. There was a statistical significant association between capnography knowledge score and type of practice (P= <0.001). The median (range) for referral RVNs was 6 (4-7), 6 (3-7) for ‘other', hospital 6 (3-6) and first opinion RVNs had a median of 4 (3-6). It was also found that 27 (27%) RVNs that were qualified for less than three years rated themselves as least confident with capnography (P= <0.001). There was no statistical significant association between regular use and other variables such as training route (P = 0.802), years qualified (P = 0.295) and additional qualifications (P = 0.113). Almost three-quarters of participants (n = 202, 74%) felt that their formal training route did not prepare them for using capnography in practice and considered their lack of confidence due to the lack of understanding, limited training and because capnography was not used enough in practice. When capnography was used, only 44 (16%) RVNs used it for CPR but the majority of nurses used it for all general anaesthetic procedures (n = 233,82%).

Conclusions

It was observed that capnography was not fully utilised in practice and confidence in its use was limited. There was a clear
requirement that capnography use and training within nursing programmes could be encouraged more. Greater training of the use of capnography during veterinary nursing courses and more accessible capnography CPD courses could be beneficial.

Veterinary Nursing Journal • VOL 35 • September-December 2020 •